雅思语法:过去分词作定语实例讲解
发布日期 :2018.07.18 浏览次数:3955 次
过去分词作定语是雅思阅读长难句中的一种常见语法现象,同时,相对而言,它也是一个不太容易掌握的知识点。今天,我将就此谈谈它的一些用法。
首先,让我们一起来回顾一下相关的知识点。过去分词的形式是done,它通常用于表示被动和完成意义。在作定语时,其位置可以放在被修饰词的前面也可以放在后面。具体而言,单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰词的前面;如spoken English(被动); fallen leaves (动作的完成); boiled water(动作的完成); 过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰词的后面,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。如The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.(=The computer center, which was opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school.)
在了解了相关的知识点之后,我们一起来看看它在雅思长难句中的一些运用。
e.g. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people.
句子分析:该句的核心结构是Women and men were able to distinguish clothing from similar clothing。剩下的成分中,by smell alone 是方式状语,worn by their marriage partners和worn by other people是clothing的后置定语,用于修饰clothing。该句的大概意思为在一项著名的测试中,被测男性和女性都能够仅通过气味在相同的衣物中区分自己的配偶穿过的衣服和其他人穿过的衣服。
在理清了句子的结构和意思之后,有学生可能会问:为什么说worn by their marriage partners和worn by other people是在修饰clothing而非句子的谓语呢?其实,原因很简单,即该句已有谓语were able to。我们知道,一个句子中,在无连词的情况下,只能有一个谓语。另外,即便将“穿”看作谓语,也应该将其变为过去式wore。基于以上原因,我们可以肯定句子中的worn绝非谓语。如果worn不是谓语那又该是什么成分呢?我们知道,分词一般有以下几种用法:作表语;作定语;作状语;作补语。考虑到前面有个名词,自然最易让人联想到的是定语。其实,此种情况下,我们完全可将原句子还原为一个定语从句:
In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing which were worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing which were worn by other people.
这也就启示我们在判断动词加ed的形式是谓语(过去式)还是后置定语(过去分词短语)时,我们可以通过句子的谓语来判断。如果一个句子已经有了谓语,那么这个ed形式只能是过去分词短语了。另外,如果我们发现它前面有一个中心名词或代词,且二者构成的是被动关系,可将其改写为一个定语从句。那么我们可以判断该ed形式为过去分词作定语。
e.g. The most common procedure for doing this is negotiation, the act of communication intended to reach agreement.
句子分析:该句的核心结构是The most common procedure is negotiation。该句中the act of communication intended to reach agreement是negotiation的同位语,对negotiation进行解释说明。
那么intended又属于什么用法呢?根据前面所讲的,我们先找句子的谓语。此时我们可以看到句子主干已经有了谓语动词is, 基于此,我们可以断定intended并非intend的过去式。此时,我们再根据它与前面名词的关系来判断,显然二者之间存在的是一种被动关系,而且可将其改写为为由关系词引导的定语从句:the act of communication which is intended to reach agreement。由此,我们可以判断过去分词短语intended to reach agreement是communication的后置定语。
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